Austria

Belgium

Cyprus

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Portugal

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Europe

A world map highlights (blue) the members of the European Monetary Union: Ireland, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Greece, and Cyprus.

Current members of the European Monetary Union

Countries

European Union

European Monetary Union (“Euroland”)

Alaska

Arizona

Utah

Yukon

Northwest Territories

Idaho

Vermont

Washington

Nunavut

Maine

Oregon

New Brunswick

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador

Michigan

Colorado

Nevada

Québec

Ontario

California

None

A map illustrates the global distribution of carbonate rock outcrops, indicated by yellow dots across various continents.

Locations of outcrops of carbonate rocks, primarily limestone and dolostone

Carbonate Outcrops

In North America, outcrops are prevalent along the western coast, the southeastern United States, and parts of Mexico. Central America and the Caribbean also have notable concentrations, particularly in Costa Rica and Cuba. In South America, significant outcrops are found in Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Europe shows widespread outcrops, especially in France, Spain, Poland, and Ukraine, with additional dots in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Africa has notable outcrops in Morocco, Algeria, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. In Asia, outcrops are concentrated in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with additional dots in China, Mongolia, and Russia. Southeast Asia has numerous outcrops, particularly in Indonesia. In Australia, outcrops are found along the eastern coast and in southern Australia, with additional dots in New Zealand.

World

USGS

District of Columbia

Florida

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Nova Scotia

Virginia

Delaware

Mississippi

Texas

Louisiana

North Carolina

Alabama

New Jersey

South Carolina

Connecticut

Pennsylvania

Massachusetts

Georgia

New York

Maryland

Manitoba

Arkansas

A map highlights areas around the world that are vulnerable to a sea-level rise of 70 meters, marked in blue.

Areas vulnerable to a 70-meter rise in sea level, given worst-case scenario conditions

Sea-Level Rise Vulnerability (70 m)

In North America, vulnerable regions include the eastern seaboard of the United States, the Gulf Coast, parts of the West Coast, and the coastal areas of Canada, including the Arctic regions. Central America shows vulnerability along its entire coastline, particularly in Mexico, Belize, and the eastern coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. In South America, the vulnerable areas are mainly along the eastern coast, including parts of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, as well as the western coastlines of Colombia and Ecuador. Europe sees extensive vulnerability along the Atlantic coasts, the North Sea, and the Baltic Sea, including the British Isles, the coastlines of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and the Baltic states, as well as parts of the Mediterranean coastline, including Italy and Greece. In Africa, vulnerable areas are identified along the Mediterranean coast in the north, the west coast from Mauritania to Nigeria, parts of the east coast in Somalia and Tanzania, and the southern tip around South Africa. Asia shows significant vulnerability in low-lying coastal areas, including the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and East Asia, particularly eastern China and Japan. In Australia, the vulnerable areas include the northern coast, the eastern seaboard, and parts of the southern and western coasts. Oceania has numerous vulnerable areas, especially in the low-lying islands and coastal regions of countries like Papua New Guinea and New Zealand. Antarctica is marked with some coastal vulnerability, highlighting the global impact of potential sea-level rise on diverse geographic regions.

European Monetary Union (“Euroland”)	Carbonate Outcrops	Sea-Level Rise Vulnerability (70 m)
Value	Carbonate Outcrops	Sea-Level Rise Vulnerability (70 m)

	3.8	4.91%