Austria

Belgium

Cyprus

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Portugal

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Europe

A world map highlights (blue) the members of the European Monetary Union: Ireland, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Greece, and Cyprus.

Current members of the European Monetary Union

Countries

European Union

European Monetary Union (“Euroland”)

Arizona

Utah

Idaho

Wyoming

Texas

Oregon

New Mexico

Kansas

Colorado

Nevada

Oklahoma

California

None

A map shows Latin America in 1830, with Bolivia (black) and Uruguay (brown) as the smallest countries. Brazil (yellow) is the largest country. Other countries include Mexico (light yellow), Gran Colombia (green), Peru (orange), and Chile (light blue).

Political geography of South America in 1830. By 1830, all parts of South America, except the Guianas, had achieved political independence from European colonial powers.

Latin America, 1830

World

nature

Alaska

Northwest Territories

Florida

Rhode Island

Washington

Nunavut

Maine

Nova Scotia

Virginia

Delaware

Prince Edward Island

Louisiana

Hawaii

North Carolina

New Brunswick

Alabama

Wisconsin

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador

New Jersey

Michigan

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Georgia

New York

Maryland

Québec

Ontario

Mean sea-surface temperatures shown using patterns of latitudinal bands extend roughly east to west. The coldest temperatures are shown in the northern latitudes. Temperatures warm as latitudes near the equator.

Average sea-surface temperatures between 1990 and 2020

Mean Sea-Surface Temperature

Sea-surface temperatures create latitudinal bands extending east to west, influenced by ocean currents and continents. In the tropics, temperatures range from 24.0 to 32.0 degrees Celsius; in the midlatitudes, from 8.0 to 23.9 degrees Celsius; and in higher latitudes and polar regions, from negative 2.0 to 7.9 degrees Celsius. Significant deviations occur along the Atlantic coast of western Europe, where temperatures are warmer than the east coast of North America at the same latitude, and along the Pacific coast of Canada, the Atlantic coasts of Canada and the northeastern United States, and the western coasts of South America and southern Africa, where waters are cooler than expected. The hottest ocean areas are between Indonesia and Australia (30.0 to 32.0 degrees Celsius), followed by tropical parts of the western Pacific and Indian oceans, and small areas along the coasts of West Africa and Central America (28.0 to 29.9 degrees Celsius).

European Monetary Union (“Euroland”)	Latin America, 1830	Mean Sea-Surface Temperature
Value	Mexico, 1821	-2.0 to 0.0	0.0 to 1.9	2.0 to 3.9	4.0 to 5.9	6.0 to 7.9	8.0 to 9.9	10.0 to 11.9	12.0 to 13.9	14.0 to 15.9	18.0 to 19.9	20.0 to 21.9	22.0 to 23.9	24.0 to 25.9	26.0 to 27.9	28.0 to 29.9

	67.2%	1.06%	0.769%	0.553%	0.725%	0.603%	0.825%	0.239%	0.135%	0.206%	0.342%	0.126%	0.317%	1.60%	0.778%	4.46%