Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Samoa

Solomon Is.

Australia & Oceania

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Haiti

Jamaica

St. Lucia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Caribbean

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Central Asia

China

Mongolia

Nepal

East Asia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Russia

Eurasia

Albania

Belarus

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Kosovo

Moldova

Montenegro

Northern Macedonia

Romania

Serbia

Ukraine

Europe

Argentina

Belize

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Latin America

Mauritania

Mauritius

São Tomé and Príncipe

Tonga

Vanuatu

None

Mexico

North America

Bangladesh

Bhutan

India

Maldives

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

South Asia

Cambodia

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Vietnam

Southeast Asia

Algeria

Egypt

Iran

Jordan

Lebanon

Morocco

Tunisia

Turkey

Yemen

Southwest Asia and North Africa

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of Congo

Djibouti

eSwatini

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Kenya

Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mozambique

Niger

Nigeria

Republic of the Congo

Rwanda

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Somalia

South Africa

Sudan

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Sub-Saharan Africa

A map highlights the total debt service of G N I. The highest debt service (over 20 percent) is shaded in dark blue in Zambia, around 23.1 percent. Lower levels (less than 5 percent) are shaded in light blue across Africa (Sudan) and Asia (India and China).

Costs of principal repayments and interest paid to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a percentage of total gross national income (GNI)

Countries

World

World Bank

Total Debt Service (Percentage of Gross Nation Income)

Percent of GNI

Eritrea

A world map shows early Sub-Saharan states and empires, marked with blue shaded regions.

Empires of Sub-Saharan Africa prior to European colonization

Early Sub-Saharan States and Empires

The ancient sub-Saharan states and empires can be categorized into three clusters: western, eastern, and central and southern Africa. In the western cluster, major states included Mali in present-day western Mali and Senegal, Ghana in western Mali, and Songhai in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso. The Hausa states occupied regions in Niger and northern Nigeria, while Kanem Borno spanned Niger, Chad, northern Nigeria, and Cameroon. Closer to the seacoast, smaller kingdoms like Ashanti in present-day Ghana, Dahomey in Togo and Benin, and Ife/Oyo, Benin, and Nok in modern Nigeria thrived.In the eastern cluster, ancient states such as Darfur and Kush or Nubia were located in southwestern and northern Sudan, respectively. Axum and Abyssinia were prominent in northern Ethiopia. Bunyoro and Buganda were significant in what is now Uganda, while Swahili city-states emerged along the coasts of present-day Kenya and Tanzania.The central and southern African cluster included the Kongo near the coast of the modern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola. Lunda spanned eastern Angola and adjacent parts of Congo, while Lozi covered eastern Angola and adjacent parts of Zambia. The Karanga/Mutapa state was in Zimbabwe, with Swazi and Zulu in eastern South Africa, and Merina in Madagascar.

Total Debt Service (Percentage of Gross Nation Income)			Early Sub-Saharan States and Empires	Remittances: Inflow
Class	Rank	Percent of GNI	Early Sub-Saharan States and Empires	Class	Rank	Millions of U.S. dollars







			12.8%




			18.7%